Case for diagnosis. Diffuse ulcerated nodular lesions

Abstract Langerhans cell histiocytosis is a rare clonal proliferative disease, characterized by the infiltration of one or multiple organs by histiocytes. Due to the diversity of signs and symptoms, the diagnosis of this disease is often late. The estimated incidence in adults is one to two cases per million, but the disease is probably underdiagnosed in this population. This report presents a case of disseminated Langerhans cell histiocytosis. The authors highlight the most characteristic aspects of this rare and heterogeneous disease, which usually presents as a challenging clinical diagnosis.

Case for diagnosis. Solitary violaceous nodule on the toe

Abstract: Reticulohistiocytomas represent a group of benign histiocytic dermal proliferations, which occur either sporadically as solitary cutaneous nodules or, when multiple, in association with systemic disease. Due to its nonspecific clinical presentation, reticulohistiocytoma may mimic other benign or malignant skin neoplasms; therefore, in most cases, a biopsy is needed in order to establish the correct diagnosis. The histology is typically characterized by the presence of large histiocytes with abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm with immunohistochemical profile positive for CD68, CD163, and vimentin. The authors report the case of a patient with solitary reticulohistiocytoma with illustrative clinical, dermoscopic, and histologic features.

Xantoma disseminado: relato de caso e revisão da literatura / Disseminated xanthoma: a case report and literature review

Xantoma disseminado é uma histiocitose não Langerhans, rara, não familiar, benigna, normolipídica, caracterizada pela deposição lipídica na pele e órgãos internos secundária à proliferação histiocitária. É caracterizado por lesões xantomatosas que geralmente afetam as regiões flexurais e, frequentemente, acomete mucosas. Tem curso em geral benigno, com resolução das lesões cutâneas em alguns anos, porém lesões em certas localizações podem resultar em morbidade e até óbito, sendo, nestes casos, o achado cutâneo uma importante pista diagnóstica. Devido à sua raridade, não há um consenso terapêutico, e as respostas às terapias têm sido insatisfatórias. Relatamos o caso de uma paciente com essa patologia, na qual não foi detectada patologia sistêmica (AU)

Disseminated xanthoma is a rare non-familial, benign, and normolipid form of non-Langerhans histiocytosis, characterized by lipid deposition in the skin and internal organs secondary to histiocytic proliferation. It is characterized by xanthomatous lesions that generally affect the flexural regions and often affects mucous membranes. Although it has a generally benign course, with resolution of cutaneous lesions in a few years, lesions in certain locations can result in morbidity and even death. In these cases, the cutaneous finding is an important diagnostic clue. Because of its rarity, there is no therapeutic consensus and responses to therapies have been unsatisfactory. Here we report the case of a patient with this disorder, in whom no systemic disease was detected (AU)

Reticulohistiocitosis multicéntrica de inicio súbito por quemadura solar / Multicentric reticulohistiocytosis, sudden onset after sunburn

Las reticulohistiocitosis son un grupo de enfermedades muy poco frecuentes que se caracterizan por la acumulación de histiocitos en piel y articulaciones principalmente. Se suelen asociar a condiciones y patologías muy variadas, predominantemente neoplasias. Presentamos un caso de inicio súbito luego de quemadura solar (AU)

Reticulohisticytosis is a group of diseases characterized by the accumulation of cells of histiocytic lineage primarily in the skin and joints. They have been associated with many conditions and diseases, mainly malignant neoplasms. A case of multicentric reticulohitiocytosis of sudden onset after sunburn is reported (AU)

Xantogranuloma juvenil y leucemia linfática aguda / Juvenile xanthogranuloma and acute lymphatic leukemia

El xantogranuloma juvenil es la mas frecuente de las histiocitosis de células no Langerhans, de naturaleza benigna y autoinvolutiva. Se presenta con lesiones papulares o nodulares, únicas o múltiples, amarillo-anaranjadas, localizadas en la piel y, ocasionalmente, en otros órganos. Ocurre principalmente en la infancia. Se encuentra descripta su asociación con neurofibromatosis tipo 1 y leucemia mielomonocítica juvenil. Su pronóstico es excelente cuando no hay afección sistémica.. Presentamos el caso de una niña de 9 años de edad con diagnóstico de xantogranuloma juvenil asociado a leucemia linfática aguda y antecedente familiar de neurofibromatosis tipo 1.

Juvenile xanthogranuloma is the most common type of non-Langerhans cell histiocytosis, with a bening and self-healing course. It presents with one or more orange-yellow papules or nodules in the skin and, occasionally, in other organs. The disease occurs mainly in childhood, although it may affect adults. The association of juvenile xanthogranuloma with neurofibromatosis type 1 and juvenile myelogenous leukemia is well documented. The prognosis is excellent when there is no systemic involvement. We herein present the case of a 9-year-old girl with a juvenile xanthogranuloma associated with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and a family history of neurofibromatosis type 1.

Xantogranuloma juvenil: experiencia en un hospital pediátrico / Juvenile xanthogranuloma: experience in a children´hospital

Introducción: El xantogranuloma juvenil (XGJ) es una histiocitosis de células no Langerhans, de curso benigno y autolimitado, que afecta principalmente a lactantes y niños. Los pacientes pueden presentar compromiso extracutáneo, y las localizaciones más frecuentes son ojos, hígado, pulmón y SNC. Objetivos. 1) Conocer las características clínicas de los pacientes con XGJ evaluados en el Servicio de Dermatología del Hospital de Pediatría “Prof. Dr. Juan P Garrahan”. 2) Describir las enfermedades asociadas y las posibles complicaciones. 3) Conocer la evolución de los pacientes. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un trabajo retrospectivo, observacional y longitudinal, en el que se estudiaron todos los pacientes con diagnóstico clínico e histopatologíco de XGJ desde agosto de 1988 hasta diciembre de 2006. Resultados. Presentaron diagnóstico clínico de XGJ 86 pacientes, se obtuvo la confirmación histológica en 45 de ellos y se excluyó a los 41 pacientes restantes. En el 67% la enfermedad comenzó dentro del primer año de vida. En el 44% las lesiones eran únicas y en el 56% múltiples. La localización más frecuente fue el tronco 41 %, seguido por la extremidad cefálica 33% y miembros 26 %. El compromiso extracutáneo se presentó clínicamente en 4 pacientes (9%): hipema y glaucoma en 3, y compromiso multisistémico en 1. Conclusión: El XGJ es una enfermedad de curso benigno y autorresolutivo, limitada en la mayoría de los casos a la piel, y no requiere tratamiento alguno. Sim embargo debe realizarse un seguimiento clínico multidisciplinario de los pacientes, con el fin de identificar compromiso extracutáneo y sus posibles complicaciones.

Xantoma diseminado / Disseminated xanthoma

Paciente de sexo femenino, de 22 años de edad, que consulta por poliuria, fiebre, desorientación témpo-espacial y pápulas pardo-rojizas en párpados, surco nasogenianos, pliegues y raíz de miembros. Se solicitan exámenes complementarios y biopsia confirmando el diagnóstico de xantoma diseminado. El interés del caso radica en una patología poco frecuente, generalmente de evolución benigna que en nuestra paciente tuvo desenlace fatal.

Síndrome hemofagocítico secundario en pediatría: experiencia clínica en ocho casos / Pediatric secondary hemophagocytic síndrome: clinical report of eight cases

El Síndrome hemofagocítico secundario (SHS) es una entidad poco frecuente caracterizada por activación macrofágica asociada a infecciones, inmunodeficiencias o neoplasia, pudiendo presentarse como un cuadro grave y de alta letalidad. El objetivo de este estudio es describir las características clínicas de un grupo de pacientes con SHS y su evolución en relación a los tratamientos utilizados. Pacientes y Método: Análisis retrospectivo de 8 casos de SHS diagnosticados en 3 años. Resultados: Edad promedio de 6 años. Los diagnósticos de base fueron: Neoplasia (3), Artritis reumatoidea (2), Síndrome de Down (1) y 2 pacientes sin patología asociada. En todos se asoció a infecciones, documentándose agente etiológico en 4 de ellos (adenovirus, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Streptococo viridans y Pseudomona aeruginosa). Seis pacientes recibieron gammaglobulina EV y Metilprednisolona además de los antibióticos. Fallece 1 paciente. Comentario: La sospecha precoz del SHS y el inicio de tratamiento inmunomodulador se asociaron en esta serie a respuesta favorable y menor mortalidad.

EBV and hemophagocytic syndrome: analysis of 3 cases, with speculation on clinical features, therapy and role of EBV.

The authors report three patients diagnosed with EBV associated HPCS. The first case died of a fatal EBV infection. The second and third cases had primary disease of malignant lymphoma. In case 2, T cell lymphoma associated HPCS was diagnosed early. However, despite the aggressive treatment of HPCS and T-cell lymphoma, the patient died because of the refractory lymphoma. In case 3, HPCS and B malignant lymphoma were diagnosed at post mortem. EBV was found very late in all three cases. Case 1 and case 2 had a very high DNA-EBV load in blood. Case 3 demonstrated EBV-RNA encoded antigen (EBER) in lymph node by in situ hybridization technique. The clinical features of HPCS were analysed. Four early manifestations in these three cases were emphasized, namely fever, splenomegaly, progressive pancytopenia and impaired liver function test without severe jaundice. The authors stress the most important factor to save the life of the patients is to give early diagnosis and early proper management of HPCS as well as the etiologic diseases. The treatment of choice of early HPCS are pulse corticosteroid, IVIgG. Combination immunochemotherapy including pulse corsticosteroid, IVIgG, cyclosporin A, etoposide and plasma exchange should be given promptly in severe cases. From the present report, it indicates that the association of EBV with HPCS is not uncommon in Thailand. EBV is very important because it gives a very poor prognosis either by being an etiologic cause of HPCS or by association with ML with HPCS. Clinicians should be aware of EBV and recognize it early. The early treatment of EBV should helpfully changes the prognosis of the patients. The role of EBV on the occurrence of HPCS and T-ML is also discussed

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) presenting on the 3rd day of life.

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) embraces the frequently indistinguishable conditions, namely familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (FHLH), sporadic hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (SHLH) and virus associated hemophagocytic syndrome (VAHS). The disease is very rare and invariably lethal. Evidence suggests that the disease may be due to an inherited defect in immunoregulation that predisposes to an uncontrolled proliferation of activated histiocytes in response to a stimulus such as viral infection. We report here a 3-day-old neonate with confirmed HLH who had a stormy course and a fatal outcome to the disease process, in spite of early chemotherapy. To our knowledge, we believe this is the youngest reported case of HLH from Middle East. No familial or infective cause could be attributed.